Rite:
- A. Nijk: rites arise because of the awareness of the gaps (lacunae, hiatus), there is something missing, not formulated, but people have to "do something without knowing how to". So, people were "doing something" by trial and error. What was in the area of embodied consciousness and feelings try to do something. The first experiment was repeated, and repeated. Repetitive actions are often accompanied by a strong devotion. So, be a rite.
- Ronald L. Grimes: a type of behavior that is clearly and deliberately distinguished from "normal behavior" that indicates a specific rule in space and time. Rite is a series of actions that are widely known by members of the culture as a "classic", "normative", "essential" for a proper understanding of the relationship with self, world, and the Divine.
Ritual:
- Ronald L. Grimes: a blend of several types of actions, eg. singing, drama, dance;
- Roy Rappoport: a form or structure which is displayed through a series of formal acts and sayings that are not made by the perpetrators. Character is formal (invariant, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped, specific time-bound and place), performative (not just a way to express something, but the ritual itself is an aspect of what is being disclosed; different drama [to audiences who saw] with ritual [to participating congregations]), and efficacious (not only communicate, but also make an impact, an efficacy that is not derived from sense experience and did not refer to the influence of material).
- Catherine Bell (ritual / rite / ritual) is not composed of unique actions that occur only in the context of the rite, but a way of acting, which is different from other ways of acting, there is a type of contrast (eg the celebration of the Eucharist = not like usual ritual of eating and drinking). The difference was strengthened through a variety of social strategies: the period, material, location. Objectives: [1] distinguish how "this" way "it", [2] confirms that there are values of the distinction, [3] gives the participants an "experience" of the distinction is based on the nature of reality (there is a hierarchy of behavior: higher, more sacred).
- Gerard Lukken: not enough just to say that the ritual contains elements of a symbol (of Things), symbolic acts (acts), and symbolic language (words), but need to see the ritual significance of the functional characteristics: [1] healing and channeling (give relief , the exemption is not to find its own way; especially when faced with crisis situations: death, disasters; but also when the excitement: to manage and channel the emotions); [2] link to the past (always been a long time, been there, memories of childhood: now brought back); [3] ethical (donations to non-ritual actions: taken out of ourselves and active in the community); [4] social (express themselves in ways that are understandable to others, determine the identity of the collective, the community need to be ritual to really be a community); [5] application (invokatif aspects, inviting outside forces us to help); [6] expressive (even legacy nature, ritual also express ourselves; help us to provide face to our experience and to understand yourself).
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